EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES - REGIME FOR THE
IMPORTATION, SALE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BANANAS
- RECOURSE TO ARBITRATION BY THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
UNDER ARTICLE 22.6 OF THE DSU -
DECISION BY THE ARBITRATORS
The Decision of the Arbitrators on European Communities - Regime for the
Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas - Recourse to Arbitration by the
European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU - is being circulated to all
Members, pursuant to the DSU. The report is being circulated as an unrestricted
document from 24 March 2000 pursuant to the Procedures for the Circulation and
Derestriction of WTO Documents (WT/L/160/Rev.1).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
- ECUADOR'S REQUEST FOR AUTHORIZATION OF SUSPENSION OF CONCESSIONS OR OTHER
OBLIGATIONS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 22.2 OF THE DSU
- THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES' REQUEST FOR ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 22.6 OF
THE DSU
- THE JURISDICTION OF ARBITRATORS UNDER ARTICE 22 OF THE DSU
- PROCEDURAL ISSUES
- A. ECUADOR'S REQUEST UNDER ARTICLE 22.2 OF THE DSU AND ITS
DOCUMENT ON THE METHODOLOGY USED FOR CALCULATING THE LEVEL OF
NULLIFICATION AND IMPAIRMENT
- BURDEN OF PROOF IN ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 22.6 OF THE DSU
- PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES SET FORTH IN ARTICLE 22.3 OF THE DSU
- THE SCOPE OF REVIEW BY ARBITRATORS UNDER ARTICLE 22.3
- ECUADOR'S REQUEST FOR SUSPENSION OF CONCESSIONS OR
OTHER OBLIGATIONS IN THE SAME SECTOR WHERE VIOLATIONS WERE
FOUND
- ECUADOR'S REQUEST FOR SUSPENSION OF CONCESSIONS OR
OTHER OBLIGATIONS UNDER ANOTHER SECTOR OR AGREEMENT THAN
THAT WHERE VIOLATIONS WERE FOUND
- General Interpretation of the Principles and
Procedures Set Forth in Article 22.3
- Review of Ecuador's Request for Suspension
Pursuant to Subparagraph (c) in the Light of the
Principles and Procedures Set Forth in Article 22.3
- REMARKS ON THE SUSPENSION OF TRIPS OBLIGATIONS
- THE SCOPE OF THE SUSPENSION TO BE AUTHORIZED
UNDER THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
- THE SUSPENSION OF TRIPS OBLIGATIONS AND THE RELATION WITH THE CONVENTIONS
ADMINISTERED BY WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISATION (WIPO)
- THE EFFECT ON THIRD-COUNTRY WTO MEMBERS OF THE
SUSPENSION OF CERTAIN TRIPS OBLIGATIONS BY ECUADOR
WITH RESPECT TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
- THE SUSPENSION OF TRIPS OBLIGATIONS AND
INTERFERENCE WITH PRIVATE RIGHTS
- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON THE SUSPENSION OF
TRIPS OBLIGATIONS
- THE CALCULATION OF THE LEVEL OF NULLIFICATION
AND IMPAIRMENT
- CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. ECUADOR'S REQUEST FOR AUTHORIZATION OF SUSPENSION OF CONCESSIONS OR OTHER
OBLIGATIONS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 22.2 OF THE DSU
1. On 8 November 1999, Ecuador requested authorization by the DSB to suspend
concessions or other obligations under the TRIPS Agreement, the GATS and GATT
1994 in an amount of US$450 million.1
2. With respect to the withdrawal of concessions in the goods sector, Ecuador
submitted that such suspension is at present not practicable or effective, and
that the circumstances are serious enough to request authorization to suspend
concessions and other obligations under the GATS and the TRIPS Agreement.
3. As regards trade in services, Ecuador proposed to suspend the following subsector in its GATS Schedule of specific commitments:
B. Wholesale trade services (CPC 622)
4. As regards intellectual property rights, Ecuador specified that its request
concerned the following categories set out in Part II of the TRIPS Agreement:
Section 1: |
Copyright and related rights, Article 14 on "Protection of
performers, producers of phonograms (sound recordings) and broadcasting
organizations"; |
|
|
Section 3:
|
Geographical indications; |
|
|
Section 4: |
Industrial designs. |
5. At the same time, Ecuador noted in its request under Article 22.2 that it
reserved the right to suspend tariff concessions or other tariff obligations
granted in the framework of the GATT 1994 in the event that these may be applied
in a practicable and effective manner.
6. Ecuador intends to apply the suspension of concessions or other obligations,
if authorized by the DSB, against 13 of the EC member States.2
B. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES' REQUEST FOR ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 22.6 OF
THE DSU
7. On 19 November 1999, the European Communities requested arbitration pursuant
to Article 22.6 of the DSU.3 The relevant part of that provision reads:
"� However, if the Member concerned objects to the level of suspension proposed,
or claims that the principles and procedures set forth in paragraph 3 have not
been followed where a complaining party has requested authorization to suspend
concessions or other obligations pursuant to paragraph 3(b) or (c), the matter
shall be referred to arbitration. �"
8. The European Communities considered (i) that the amount of suspension of
concessions or other obligations requested by Ecuador is excessive since it has
suffered by far less nullification or impairment than alleged; and (ii) that
Ecuador has not followed the principles and procedures set forth in Article 22.3
of the DSU in suspending concessions or other obligation across sectors and
agreements.
9. At its meeting on 19 November 1999, the DSB referred the matters to
arbitration in accordance with Article 22.6 of the DSU.
10. The Arbitrators are the members of the original panel:
Chairman: |
Stuart Harbinson |
|
|
Members:
|
Kym Anderson |
|
Christian H�berli |
II. THE JURISDICTION OF ARBITRATORS UNDER ARTICE 22 OF THE DSU
11. Before addressing the procedural and substantive issues raised by the
parties, we recall the powers of Arbitrators under paragraphs 6 and 7 of Article
22 of the DSU. The relevant parts of these provisions read:
"The arbitrator[s] acting pursuant to paragraph 6 shall not examine the nature
of the concessions or other obligations to be suspended but shall determine
whether the level of such suspension is equivalent to the level of nullification
or impairment. � However, if the matter referred to arbitration includes a claim
that the principles and procedures set forth in paragraph 3 have not been
followed, the arbitrator[s] shall examine that claim. In the event that the
arbitrator[s] determine that those principles and procedures have not been
followed, the complaining party shall apply them consistent with paragraph 3. �"
Accordingly, the jurisdiction of the Arbitrators includes the power to determine
(i) whether the level of suspension of concessions or other obligations
requested is equivalent to the level of nullification or impairment; and (ii)
whether the principles or procedures concerning the suspension of concessions or
other obligations across sectors and/or agreements pursuant to Article 22.3 of
the DSU have been followed.
12. In this respect, we note that, if we were to find the proposed amount of
US$450 million not to be equivalent, we would have to estimate the level of
suspension we consider to be equivalent to the nullification or impairment
suffered by Ecuador. This approach is consistent with Article 22.7 of the DSU
which emphasizes the finality of the arbitrators' decision:
"� The parties shall accept the arbitrator's decision as final and the parties
concerned shall not seek a second arbitration. The DSB shall be informed
promptly of the decision of the arbitrator and shall upon request, grant
authorization to suspend concessions or other obligations where the request is
consistent with the decision of the arbitrator, unless the DSB decides by
consensus to reject the request."
13. We recall that this approach was followed in the US/EC arbitration
proceeding in EC - Bananas III4 and the arbitration proceedings in
EC - Hormones,5
where the arbitrators did not consider the proposed amount of suspension as
equivalent to the nullification or impairment suffered and recalculated that
amount in order to be able to render a final decision.
14. Regarding the question which "measures" and "DSB rulings" are relevant for
assessing the level of nullification or impairment in this case, we note that
both parties agree that the basis for the assessment of the level of
nullification or impairment is the revised EC banana regime as contained in EC
Regulations 1637/98 and 2362/98 which entered into force on 1 January 1999.
According to the report of the original panel reconvened, pursuant to Article
21.5 of the DSU, upon request by Ecuador,6 and adopted by the DSB on 6 May 1999,
the revised EC banana regime was found to be inconsistent with Articles I and
XIII of GATT and Articles II and XVII of GATS.
III. PROCEDURAL ISSUES
A. ECUADOR'S REQUEST UNDER ARTICLE 22.2 OF THE DSU AND ITS DOCUMENT ON THE
METHODOLOGY USED FOR CALCULATING THE LEVEL OF NULLIFICATION AND IMPAIRMENT
15. The European Communities alleged that Ecuador's request under Article 22.2
of the DSU and the document of 6 January 2000 describing its methodology for
calculating the amount of retaliation requested were not detailed enough,
especially when compared to the US methodology paper in the previous arbitration
proceeding. Ecuador stated, however, explicitly in the methodology document that
a more detailed explanation would follow in its first submission.
16. Upon receipt of Ecuador's first submission, the European Communities
protested in a letter, dated 14 January 2000, that Ecuador had withheld
substantial factual elements from the document on methodology and requested the
Arbitrators to discard the additional information contained therein.
17. Ecuador contended, in a letter dated 17 January 2000, that it had met
several times with the European Communities to discuss the nature of its claims
and the methodology used to estimate the harm caused to it by the EC banana
regime. It emphasized that it had not had access to the methodology document
submitted by the United States in the US/EC Bananas III arbitration proceeding
and that this document could not in any case represent a recognized standard for
such a methodology document which is not provided for in the DSU. Ecuador also
pointed out that the European Communities criticised the methodology document
only eight days after its filing. Furthermore, the data contained in Ecuador's
first submission derives from publicly available sources.
18. On 19 January 2000, the Arbitrators communicated the following letter to the
parties:
"With reference to your letter dated 14 January 2000, in which you request that
the Arbitrators make a preliminary ruling, deciding that all the information
concerning the methodology (i.e. paras. 17-28 of Ecuador's submission and
Exhibits F and G) submitted after 6 January 2000, be considered inadmissible
and, therefore, discarded by the Arbitrators.
The Arbitrators, noting that Article 22.7 of the DSU provides that "the parties
shall accept the arbitrator's decision as final and shall not seek a second
arbitration", are of the opinion that it is inappropriate to give a ruling on
the admissibility or relevance of certain information at this early stage of the
proceeding. It may also be noted that in past arbitration cases, arbitrators
have developed their own methodology for calculating the level of nullification
or impairment as appropriate and have requested additional information from the
parties until they were in a position to make a final ruling.
However, the Arbitrators have decided, in light of the concerns regarding due
process, to extend the deadline for the submission of rebuttals for both parties
to Tuesday, 25 January, 5 p.m. This should give both parties adequate time to
respond to the factual information and legal arguments submitted by the other
party."
19. We wish to supplement our reasoning for the approach taken in that letter
with the considerations set out in the following paragraphs 20-36.
20. The DSU does not explicitly provide that the specificity requirements, which
are stipulated in Article 6.2 for panel requests,7 apply
mutatis mutandis to
arbitration proceedings under Article 22. However, we believe that requests for
suspension under Article 22.2, as well as requests for a referral to arbitration
under Article 22.6, serve similar due process objectives as requests under
Article 6.2.8 First, they give notice to the other party and enable it to respond
to the request for suspension or the request for arbitration, respectively.
Second, a request under Article 22.2 by a complaining party defines the
jurisdiction of the DSB in authorizing suspension by the complaining party.
Likewise, a request for arbitration under Article 22.6 defines the terms of
reference of the Arbitrators. Accordingly, we consider that the specificity
standards, which are well-established in WTO jurisprudence under Article 6.2,
are relevant for requests for authorization of suspension under Article 22.2,
and for requests for referral of such matter to arbitration under Article 22.6,
as the case may be. They do, however, not apply to the document submitted during
an arbitration proceeding, setting out the methodology used for the calculation
of the level of nullification or impairment.
21. In respect of a request under Article 22.2, we share the view of the
arbitrators in the Hormones arbitration proceedings who described the minimum
requirements attached to a request for the suspension of concessions or other
obligations in the following way:
"(1) the request must set out a specific level of suspension, i.e. a level
equivalent to the nullification and impairment caused by the WTO-inconsistent
measure, pursuant to Article 22.4; and (2) the request must specify the
agreement and sector(s) under which concessions or other obligations would be
suspended, pursuant to Article 22.3.9"
22. As to the first minimum requirement, Ecuador's request for suspension under
Article 22.2 of the DSU, dated 8 November 1999,10 sets out the specific amount of
US$450 million as the level of proposed suspension of concessions or other
obligations.
23. In the methodology paper and submissions, Ecuador submitted that the direct
and indirect harm and macro-economic repercussions for its entire economy amount
to altogether US$ 1 billion. While Ecuador stated that it does not intend to
increase its initial request for suspension, it argued that the total economic
impact of the EC banana regime should be taken into account by the Arbitrators
by applying a multiplier when calculating the level of nullification and
impairment suffered by Ecuador. In this respect, Ecuador makes reference to
Article 21.8 of the DSU.11
24. In the light of our considerations above concerning specificity requirements
that apply with respect to Article 22, we believe that the level of suspension
specified in Ecuador's request under Article 22.2 is the relevant one and
defines the amount of requested suspension for purposes of this arbitration
proceeding. Additional estimates advanced by Ecuador in its methodology document
and submissions were not addressed to the DSB and thus cannot form part of the
DSB's referral of the matter to arbitration. Belated supplementary requests and
arguments concerning additional amounts of alleged nullification or impairment
are, in our view, not compatible with the minimum specificity requirements for
such a request12 because they were not included in Ecuador's request for
suspension under Article 22.2 of the DSB.
25. As to the second minimum requirement referred to above, we recall which
sectors and agreements Ecuador lists in its request under Article 22.2 as those
under which it intends to suspend concessions or other obligations. Under the
GATS, it specifies the service subsector of "wholesale trade services (CPC
622)". Under the TRIPS Agreement, Ecuador requests suspension, pursuant to
Article 22.3(c), of Article 14 on "Protection of performers, producers of
phonograms (sound recordings) and broadcasting organizations" in Section 1
(Copyright and related rights), Section 3 (Geographical indications) and Section
4 (Industrial designs).
1 WTO document WT/DS27/52, dated 9 November 1999.
2
According to Ecuador's request, the Netherlands and Denmark would be exempted.
3
The relevant parts of the EC Request under Article 22.6 of the DSU read:
"Pursuant to Article 22.6 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, the European
Communities object to the level of suspension of concessions or other
obligations requested by Ecuador on 9 November 1999 in document WT/DS27/52. The
European Communities consider that the request by Ecuador does not correspond,
and by far, to the level of nullification and impairment of benefits presently
suffered by Ecuador as a result of the failure of the European Communities to
implement the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body in the
procedure "European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and
Distribution of Bananas - Recourse to Article 21.5 by Ecuador". In accordance
with the provisions of Article 22.7 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, the
European Communities request, therefore, that this matter be submitted to
arbitration.
Moreover, the European Communities considered that Ecuador has not complied at
all with the provisions under Article 22.3 of the Dispute Settlement
Understanding. Therefore, the European Communities further request that this
matter be also submitted to arbitration."
4
Decision by the Arbitrators in European Communities - Regime for the
Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas - Recourse to Arbitration by the
European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU (WT/DS27/ARB, dated 9 April
1999), paras. 2.10 ff.
5
Decision by the Arbitrators in European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat
and Meat Products (Hormones) - Original Complaint by the United States -
Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU (WT/DS26/ARB, dated 12 July 1999), para. 12. Decision by the
Arbitrators in
European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) -
Original Complaint by Canada - Recourse to Arbitration by the European
Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU (WT/DS48/ARB, dated 12 July 1999),
para. 12.
6
Panel Report by the Reconvened Panel on European Communities - Regime for the
Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas - Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Ecuador
(WT/DS27/RW/ECU) of 12 April 1999, adopted on 6 May 1999.
7
The relevant part of Article 6.2 of the DSU reads: "The request for the
establishment of a panel shall be made in writing. It shall indicate whether
consultations were held, identify the specific measures at issue and provide a
brief summary of the legal basis of the complaint sufficient to present the
problem clearly. �".
8
"A panel's terms of reference are important for two reasons. First, terms of
reference fulfil an important due process objective - they give the parties and
third parties sufficient information concerning the claims at issue in the
dispute in order to allow them an opportunity to respond to the complainant's
case. Second, they establish the jurisdiction of the panel by defining the
precise claims at issue in the dispute." Appellate Body Report on Brazil -
Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut, adopted on 20 March 1997 (WT/DS22/AB/R),
p. 22.
9
"The more precise a request for suspension is in terms of product coverage, type
and degree of suspension, etc�., the better. Such precision can only be
encouraged in pursuit of the DSU objectives of 'providing security and
predictability to the multilateral trading system' (Article 3.2) and seeking
prompt and positive solutions to disputes (Articles 3.3 and 3.7). It would also
be welcome in light of the statement in Article 3.10 that 'all Members will
engage in DSU procedures in good faith and in an effort to resolve the
dispute'".
10
WT/DS27/52.
11
Article 21.8 of the DSU: "If the case is one brought by a developing country
Member, in considering what appropriate action might be taken, the DSB shall
take into account not only the trade coverage of measures complained of, but
also their impact on the economy of developing country Members concerned."
12
We also note that it may well be that a Member chooses to request suspension
only for a part of the nullification or impairment suffered from
WTO-inconsistent measures taken by another Member. We will address below the
question of total economic impact as opposed to nullification and impairment of
trade in goods and services in our discussion concerning subparagraph (d) of
Article 22.3.